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References to our sources are found below:
 

  1. American Cancer Society. (2023, November 22). Hormone therapy for prostate cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/treating/hormone-therapy.html

  2. Amjad, A. I., Parikh, R. A., Appleman, L. J., Hahm, E.-R., Singh, K., & Singh, S. V. (2015, November 1). Broccoli-derived sulforaphane and chemoprevention of prostate cancer: From bench to bedside. Current pharmacology reports. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4635516/

  3. Ben-Salem, S., Venkadakrishnan, V. B., & Heemers, H. V. (2021, May 11). Novel insights in cell cycle dysregulation during prostate cancer progression. Endocrine-related cancer. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8496945/

  4. Borley, N., & Feneley, M. R. (2008, December 1). Prostate cancer: Diagnosis and staging. Asian journal of andrology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3735216/

  5. Canadian Cancer Society / Société canadienne du cancer. (2021, February). Stages of prostate cancer. Canadian Cancer Society. https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/prostate/staging

  6. Denmeade, S. R., & Isaacs, J. T. (2002, May). A history of prostate cancer treatment. Nature reviews. Cancer. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4124639/

  7. Drewa, J., Lazar-Juszczak, K., Adamowicz, J., & Juszczak, K. (2025, January 23). Periprostatic adipose tissue as a contributor to prostate cancer pathogenesis: A narrative review. Cancers. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11816168/

  8. Grading and staging - urology care foundation. (n.d.-a). https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/p/prostate-cancer-%E2%80%93-advanced/grading-and-staging 

  9. Healy, M. (2025). Prostate cancer: Staging and treatment. OncoLink. https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/prostate/prostate-cancer-staging-and-treatment

  10. Kim, J.-S., Galvao, D., Newton, R., Gray, E., & Taaffe, D. (2021, September). Exercise-induced myokines and their effect on prostate cancer. Nature reviews. Urology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34158658/

  11. Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Aster, J. C., Deyrup, A. T., Das, A., & Robbins, S. L. (2023). Robbins & Kumar Basic Pathology. Elsevier. 

  12. Mayo Clinic. (2023, November 18). Prostate brachytherapy. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/prostate-brachytherapy/about/pac-20384949

  13. Mayo Clinic. (2024, September 7). Prostatectomy. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/prostatectomy/about/pac-20385198

  14. Mayo Clinic. (2025, February 20). Prostate cancer. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087

  15. Moran, N., Thomas-Ahner, J., Wan, L., Zuniga, K., Erdman, J., & Clinton, S. (2022, June 9). Tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer: What have we learned from experimental models?. The Journal of nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35278075/

  16. National Cancer Institute. (2022a, August 1). Tumor grade. NCI. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis/tumor-grade

  17. National Cancer Institute. (2022b, October 14). Cancer staging. NCI. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging

  18. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.-a). Cancer classification. Cancer Classification | SEER Training. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/categories/classification.html

  19. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.-b). NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms. Comprehensive Cancer Information - NCI. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/radical-retropubic-prostatectomy

  20. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.-c). NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms. Comprehensive Cancer Information - NCI. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/neoplasm

  21. Nelson, W. G., Demarzo, A. M., & Yegnasubramanian, S. (2014). The diet as a cause of human prostate cancer. Cancer treatment and research. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4486067/ 

  22. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2024). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Prostate cancer early detection (Version 4.2024). https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1459

  23. Nimmagadda, N. (2023, August 2). HOLEP procedure: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph/prostate-holmium-laser-enucleation-holep

  24. Patel, R. (2024, October 29). Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Overview, Androgen Deprivation, Selection of Candidates for NADT. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/455994-overview

  25. Peinemann, F., & Pinkawa, M. (2012, December 17). Treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer: A case report and narrative review. Case reports in urology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3533609/

  26. Physiopedia. (2023, October 18). TNM staging system. https://www.physio-pedia.com/TNM_Staging_System

  27. Procure. (2023, September). Signs and symptoms. PROCURE. https://www.procure.ca/en/prostate-cancer/signs-and-symptoms/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwhYS_BhD2ARIsAJTMMQbFVlVwAMUFD7III7jkknNJz3Wy-dBq1cF8IZf1BXWVymndiJQwb6kaAgSUEALw_wcB

  28. Rock, C., Thomson, C., Gansler, T., Gapstur, S., McCullough, M., Patel, A., Andrews, K., Bandera, E., Spees, C., Robien, K., Hartman, S., Sullivan, K., Grant, B., Hamilton, K., Kushi, L., Caan, B., Kibbe, D., Black, J., Wiedt, T., … Doyle, C. (2020, June 9). American Cancer Society guideline for Diet and physical activity for cancer prevention - rock - 2020 - CA: A cancer journal for Clinicians - Wiley Online Library. https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21591

  29. Sekhoacha, M., Riet, K., Motloung, P., Gumenku, L., Adegoke, A., & Mashele, S. (2022, September 5). Prostate cancer review: Genetics, diagnosis, treatment options, and alternative approaches. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9457814/

  30. Sweeney, E. (2023, November 9). 10 warning signs of prostate cancer, according to doctors. Mens Health. https://www.menshealth.com/health/a45764768/prostate-cancer-warning-signs/

  31. University of Toronto. (2013, December 13). Prostate, adenocarcinoma, Gleason 4+3=7, H&E stain [LMP68667]: LMP - Digital Laboratory Medicine Library. LMP. https://dlm.lmp.utoronto.ca/image/prostate-adenocarcinoma-gleason-437-he-stain-lmp68667

  32. Wasserman, N. F., Murguan, P., Spilseth, B., Metzger, G. J., & Sanghvi, T. (2020, January 1). Peripheral Zone enlargement: A newly described entity on MRI. medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.20052290v2.full
     

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